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Hinrich Braren (31 August 1751, Oldsum – 4 August 1826, Tönning), later known as Hinrich Brarens, was a Danish sea captain, pilot inspector and nautical examiner. He wrote the first book on navigation in German language and established the first public nautical school in the Duchy of Schleswig. Within 30 years as a nautical teacher he examined about 3,500 navigator candidates. ==Life== Hinrich Braren was born in 1751 in Oldsum on the North Frisian island of Föhr to whaling captain Brar Hinrichen.〔 Only aged 12 he went to sea with his father and each year from 1763 to 1780 he used to sail to Greenland as a whaler. In 1780 he changed to merchant shipping and was incidentally able to acquire the full command over one of the ships of his Dutch ship-owner in the Mediterranean Sea. In 1786, while Braren sailed from Copenhagen to Greenland as a seal catcher for the Royal Greenlandic Trade, he received the order to support a Danish expedition that was determined to explore the east coast of Greenland. Inspired by this expedition Braren settled down as a navigation teacher on Föhr and opened a private nautical school. In 1794 he was also a merchant and harbourmaster in Wyk auf Föhr. In 1796 he was granted an examinator's license and the permission to establish a public nautical school. This school was later moved to Tönning at the mouth of the Eider river when Braren was posted there as inspector for the maritime pilots on the Eider and the Eider Canal. Due to the Continental System during the Napoleonic Wars, Tönning had become an important commercial harbour for a short time. During his work as a nautical teacher, Braren became aware of the lack of suitable books in German language since Dutch literature was common at the time. Therefore he wrote the textbook ''System der praktischen Steuermannskunde (of a practical Navigation )'' which was published in 1800 in Magdeburg and had three further editions. In 1807 he wrote another textbook ''System der praktischen Schifferkunde (of a practical Shipmaster's Knowledge )'' and in 1820 he edited a nautical almanac in Altona. The two "practical" textbooks remained in use in northern Germany until the late 19th century. Hinrich Brarens worked as a nautical examiner for 30 years and examined some 3,500 candidates. A certificate issued by his school and signed by him in March 1826 bears the running number 3,422.〔 Apart from his nautical textbooks, Braren also wrote a philosophical and religious treatise in 1819: ''Gedanken über die Frage: Was sind wir Menschen? Was wissen wir? (on the Question: What are we humans? What do we know? )''.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hinrich Braren」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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